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trans it insect transfection reagent  (Mirus Bio)


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    Structured Review

    Mirus Bio trans it insect transfection reagent
    Global alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the protein A elbow identifies amino acid contributions to RNA replication. ( A–C ) Alanine substitutions were introduced across the 17-amino acid elbow (aa 379–395) as blocks (5 alanines, A), pairs (2 alanines, B), or single residues (1 alanine, C). Top panels: western blot detecting protein A, with tubulin as a loading control. Middle panels: northern blot analysis of RNA1 and RNA3 replication following <t>co-transfection</t> of mutant protein A plasmids with the RNA1 fs template. Bottom panels: bar graphs summarizing RNA3 replication relative to wt control across three or more experimental replicates. ( D ) Summary diagram mapping replication values from block, pair, and single alanine substitutions onto the elbow sequence. Color-coded gradients indicate functional impact: white represents mutations that abolish RNA3 replication (0%), and blue represents full replication comparable to wt (100%), allowing visualization of residues and segments critical for RNA replication. ( E ) Structure mapping of elbow (aa 379–395) characteristics. The surface diagrams use the indicated color gradients to show RNA3 replication levels (% of wt) induced by single alanine substitutions [gradient as in panel (D)], electrostatic potential (negative: red, positive: blue), and hydrophobicity (hydrophilic: blue, hydrophobic: yellow) to highlight functional features. Gray shading of the arrows indicates amino acids facing the back, while white shading indicates amino acids facing the front.
    Trans It Insect Transfection Reagent, supplied by Mirus Bio, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 278 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/trans+it+insect+transfection+reagent/TransIT+-Insect/pmc12956343-53-29-33
    Average 96 stars, based on 278 article reviews
    trans it insect transfection reagent - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    96/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Nodavirus protein A’s interdomain elbow controls RNA replication organelle formation and function"

    Article Title: Nodavirus protein A’s interdomain elbow controls RNA replication organelle formation and function

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag151

    Global alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the protein A elbow identifies amino acid contributions to RNA replication. ( A–C ) Alanine substitutions were introduced across the 17-amino acid elbow (aa 379–395) as blocks (5 alanines, A), pairs (2 alanines, B), or single residues (1 alanine, C). Top panels: western blot detecting protein A, with tubulin as a loading control. Middle panels: northern blot analysis of RNA1 and RNA3 replication following co-transfection of mutant protein A plasmids with the RNA1 fs template. Bottom panels: bar graphs summarizing RNA3 replication relative to wt control across three or more experimental replicates. ( D ) Summary diagram mapping replication values from block, pair, and single alanine substitutions onto the elbow sequence. Color-coded gradients indicate functional impact: white represents mutations that abolish RNA3 replication (0%), and blue represents full replication comparable to wt (100%), allowing visualization of residues and segments critical for RNA replication. ( E ) Structure mapping of elbow (aa 379–395) characteristics. The surface diagrams use the indicated color gradients to show RNA3 replication levels (% of wt) induced by single alanine substitutions [gradient as in panel (D)], electrostatic potential (negative: red, positive: blue), and hydrophobicity (hydrophilic: blue, hydrophobic: yellow) to highlight functional features. Gray shading of the arrows indicates amino acids facing the back, while white shading indicates amino acids facing the front.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Global alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the protein A elbow identifies amino acid contributions to RNA replication. ( A–C ) Alanine substitutions were introduced across the 17-amino acid elbow (aa 379–395) as blocks (5 alanines, A), pairs (2 alanines, B), or single residues (1 alanine, C). Top panels: western blot detecting protein A, with tubulin as a loading control. Middle panels: northern blot analysis of RNA1 and RNA3 replication following co-transfection of mutant protein A plasmids with the RNA1 fs template. Bottom panels: bar graphs summarizing RNA3 replication relative to wt control across three or more experimental replicates. ( D ) Summary diagram mapping replication values from block, pair, and single alanine substitutions onto the elbow sequence. Color-coded gradients indicate functional impact: white represents mutations that abolish RNA3 replication (0%), and blue represents full replication comparable to wt (100%), allowing visualization of residues and segments critical for RNA replication. ( E ) Structure mapping of elbow (aa 379–395) characteristics. The surface diagrams use the indicated color gradients to show RNA3 replication levels (% of wt) induced by single alanine substitutions [gradient as in panel (D)], electrostatic potential (negative: red, positive: blue), and hydrophobicity (hydrophilic: blue, hydrophobic: yellow) to highlight functional features. Gray shading of the arrows indicates amino acids facing the back, while white shading indicates amino acids facing the front.

    Techniques Used: Mutagenesis, Western Blot, Control, Northern Blot, Cotransfection, Blocking Assay, Sequencing, Functional Assay

    Plasmid-based trans -RNA replication assay. ( A ) Schematic of the trans -RNA replication assay in Drosophila S2 cells. Co-transfection of two plasmids separates protein A expression from RNA replication template functions: the left protein A plasmid expresses functional protein A from a nonreplicable mRNA lacking viral 5′ and 3′ replication signals, and the right RNA1 fs plasmid expresses a full-length RNA1 template containing an early frameshift (fs) to prevent translation of protein A. This approach largely stabilizes expression levels of different protein A mutants and allows more direct assessment of their effects on RNA replication, measured by genomic RNA1 and subgenomic RNA3 accumulation. Color coding follows Fig. . ( B ) Northern blot analysis validating the trans -RNA replication assay, with RNA and protein collected ∼65 h post-transfection. The top panel shows a western blot detecting protein A, with tubulin as a loading control. The bottom panel shows the northern blot: Lanes 1 and 2 show no RNA1 or RNA3 signals when either the protein A plasmid or RNA1 fs plasmid is transfected alone. Lane 3 shows strong replication of both genomic RNA1 and RNA3 when wtwt protein A is co-expressed with the RNA1 fs template, confirming robust replication in trans . Lane 4 shows that co-expression of the RNA1 fs template with a protein A deletion mutant lacking the 17–amino acid elbow (Δ379–395) completely abolishes RNA replication, confirming that the elbow region is essential for FHV RNA replication.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Plasmid-based trans -RNA replication assay. ( A ) Schematic of the trans -RNA replication assay in Drosophila S2 cells. Co-transfection of two plasmids separates protein A expression from RNA replication template functions: the left protein A plasmid expresses functional protein A from a nonreplicable mRNA lacking viral 5′ and 3′ replication signals, and the right RNA1 fs plasmid expresses a full-length RNA1 template containing an early frameshift (fs) to prevent translation of protein A. This approach largely stabilizes expression levels of different protein A mutants and allows more direct assessment of their effects on RNA replication, measured by genomic RNA1 and subgenomic RNA3 accumulation. Color coding follows Fig. . ( B ) Northern blot analysis validating the trans -RNA replication assay, with RNA and protein collected ∼65 h post-transfection. The top panel shows a western blot detecting protein A, with tubulin as a loading control. The bottom panel shows the northern blot: Lanes 1 and 2 show no RNA1 or RNA3 signals when either the protein A plasmid or RNA1 fs plasmid is transfected alone. Lane 3 shows strong replication of both genomic RNA1 and RNA3 when wtwt protein A is co-expressed with the RNA1 fs template, confirming robust replication in trans . Lane 4 shows that co-expression of the RNA1 fs template with a protein A deletion mutant lacking the 17–amino acid elbow (Δ379–395) completely abolishes RNA replication, confirming that the elbow region is essential for FHV RNA replication.

    Techniques Used: Plasmid Preparation, Cotransfection, Expressing, Functional Assay, Northern Blot, Transfection, Western Blot, Control, Mutagenesis

    Related Articles

    Transfection:

    Article Title: Galectins induced from hemocytes bridge phosphatidylserine and N-glycosylated Drpr/CED-1 receptor during dendrite pruning
    Article Snippet: Drosophila S2 cells were maintained at 25 °C in Schneider’s medium (Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Life Technologies). .. S2 cells were seeded into 6-well plates (2×10 6 cells/well) or 10-cm plates (10 × 10 6 cells) and transfected with the appropriate plasmids using Trans IT®-Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus): pAc-Gal4, pUAS-DraperHA, pUAS-Draper NQ4 HA, pUAS-FLAG-CG11372, pUAS-FLAG-CG11372N, pUAS-FLAG-CG11372ΔN, pUAS-GFP-CG5335 or pUAS-FLAG-CG5335. .. Seventy-two hours after transfection, cells were spun down at 1500 g for 5 minutes and lysed with mRIPA buffer containing 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.5% Triton, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7 s.5), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, and protease inhibitor cocktail (Complete Tablets; Roche).

    Article Title: MCAK recognizes the nucleotide-dependent feature at growing microtubule ends
    Article Snippet: .. When cell confluence reached ≥80%, transfection was performed using approximately 1 μg of bacmid DNA and 2 μl of Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus, Cat. # MIR 6100). ..

    Article Title: Identification of C -mannosylation in a receptor tyrosine kinase AXL
    Article Snippet: The amplified AXL -ECD gene was subcloned into the pMT-PURO vector (RIKEN BioResource Center). .. S2 cells were transfected with pMT-PURO-AXL-ECD using Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio LLC, Madison, WI, USA), followed by selection with 10 μg/mL puromycin. ..

    Article Title: Nodavirus protein A’s interdomain elbow controls RNA replication organelle formation and function
    Article Snippet: .. Transfection mixtures were prepared by complexing 1.5 μg of total plasmid DNA (1 μg of RNA1 template plasmid and 0.5 μg of protein A expression plasmid[s]), 6 μl of Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio), and 100 μl of Opti-MEM (Gibco/ThermoFisher). ..

    Article Title: MicroRNA miR-274-5p Suppresses Found-in-Neurons Associated with Melanotic Mass Formation and Developmental Growth in Drosophila
    Article Snippet: To generate the miR-274 -overexpressing construct, a DNA fragment containing pre-miR-274 was amplified by PCR and cloned into the pMT/V5-His A vector (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA). .. Both the miRNA-expressing and luciferase reporter constructs were co-transfected using Trans IT ® -Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio, Madison, WI, USA). .. The activities of Renilla and firefly luciferase were determined using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) 48 h after miR-274 expression.

    Article Title: Nanoscale visualization of Drosophila E-cadherin ectodomain fragments and their interactions using DNA origami nanoblocks
    Article Snippet: .. In each dish, S2 cells were transfected with 10 μg of plasmid DNA using Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (MIR 6100: Mirus Bio, WI, USA). ..

    Article Title: Nodavirus protein A's interdomain elbow controls RNA replication organelle formation and function.
    Article Snippet: S. frugiperda Sf9 cells were maintained in Sf-900 III serumfree medium (Sf-900 III SFM, Gibco/ThermoFisher) supplemented with penicillin, streptomycin, amphotericin B and Lglutamine, either in stationary culture or shaking at 120 rpm, at 28 ◦C. .. Transfection mixtures were prepared by complexing 1.5 μg of total plasmid DNA (1 μg of RNA1 template plasmid and 0.5 μg of protein A expression plasmid[s]), 6 μl of Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio), and 100 μl of Opti-MEM (Gibco/ThermoFisher). ..

    Article Title: Unexpected Molecular Mechanism of Orc6-Based Meier-Gorlin Syndrome: Insights from a Humanized Drosophila Model
    Article Snippet: 1Kb DNA ladder (#N3232, New England BioLab) was used in . .. FLAG-tagged human- Drosophila hybrid orc6 transgenes carrying 9 upstream nucleotides with Kozak sequences, G CC G GC G CCACG G , or Kozak sequence with mutated purines in positions -3, -6, -9, C CC C GC C CCACG G , were cloned into PMT/V5 vector and transfected into S2 cells using Trans IT-insect transfection reagent (#MIR 6100, Mirus Bio) following manufacturer’s recommendations. .. S2 cells were cultured at 27°C in Shields and Sang M3 medium (#S8398, Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum.

    Selection:

    Article Title: Identification of C -mannosylation in a receptor tyrosine kinase AXL
    Article Snippet: The amplified AXL -ECD gene was subcloned into the pMT-PURO vector (RIKEN BioResource Center). .. S2 cells were transfected with pMT-PURO-AXL-ECD using Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio LLC, Madison, WI, USA), followed by selection with 10 μg/mL puromycin. ..

    Plasmid Preparation:

    Article Title: Nodavirus protein A’s interdomain elbow controls RNA replication organelle formation and function
    Article Snippet: .. Transfection mixtures were prepared by complexing 1.5 μg of total plasmid DNA (1 μg of RNA1 template plasmid and 0.5 μg of protein A expression plasmid[s]), 6 μl of Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio), and 100 μl of Opti-MEM (Gibco/ThermoFisher). ..

    Article Title: Nanoscale visualization of Drosophila E-cadherin ectodomain fragments and their interactions using DNA origami nanoblocks
    Article Snippet: .. In each dish, S2 cells were transfected with 10 μg of plasmid DNA using Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (MIR 6100: Mirus Bio, WI, USA). ..

    Article Title: Nodavirus protein A's interdomain elbow controls RNA replication organelle formation and function.
    Article Snippet: S. frugiperda Sf9 cells were maintained in Sf-900 III serumfree medium (Sf-900 III SFM, Gibco/ThermoFisher) supplemented with penicillin, streptomycin, amphotericin B and Lglutamine, either in stationary culture or shaking at 120 rpm, at 28 ◦C. .. Transfection mixtures were prepared by complexing 1.5 μg of total plasmid DNA (1 μg of RNA1 template plasmid and 0.5 μg of protein A expression plasmid[s]), 6 μl of Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio), and 100 μl of Opti-MEM (Gibco/ThermoFisher). ..

    Expressing:

    Article Title: Nodavirus protein A’s interdomain elbow controls RNA replication organelle formation and function
    Article Snippet: .. Transfection mixtures were prepared by complexing 1.5 μg of total plasmid DNA (1 μg of RNA1 template plasmid and 0.5 μg of protein A expression plasmid[s]), 6 μl of Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio), and 100 μl of Opti-MEM (Gibco/ThermoFisher). ..

    Article Title: Nodavirus protein A's interdomain elbow controls RNA replication organelle formation and function.
    Article Snippet: S. frugiperda Sf9 cells were maintained in Sf-900 III serumfree medium (Sf-900 III SFM, Gibco/ThermoFisher) supplemented with penicillin, streptomycin, amphotericin B and Lglutamine, either in stationary culture or shaking at 120 rpm, at 28 ◦C. .. Transfection mixtures were prepared by complexing 1.5 μg of total plasmid DNA (1 μg of RNA1 template plasmid and 0.5 μg of protein A expression plasmid[s]), 6 μl of Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio), and 100 μl of Opti-MEM (Gibco/ThermoFisher). ..

    Luciferase:

    Article Title: MicroRNA miR-274-5p Suppresses Found-in-Neurons Associated with Melanotic Mass Formation and Developmental Growth in Drosophila
    Article Snippet: To generate the miR-274 -overexpressing construct, a DNA fragment containing pre-miR-274 was amplified by PCR and cloned into the pMT/V5-His A vector (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA). .. Both the miRNA-expressing and luciferase reporter constructs were co-transfected using Trans IT ® -Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio, Madison, WI, USA). .. The activities of Renilla and firefly luciferase were determined using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) 48 h after miR-274 expression.

    Construct:

    Article Title: MicroRNA miR-274-5p Suppresses Found-in-Neurons Associated with Melanotic Mass Formation and Developmental Growth in Drosophila
    Article Snippet: To generate the miR-274 -overexpressing construct, a DNA fragment containing pre-miR-274 was amplified by PCR and cloned into the pMT/V5-His A vector (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA). .. Both the miRNA-expressing and luciferase reporter constructs were co-transfected using Trans IT ® -Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio, Madison, WI, USA). .. The activities of Renilla and firefly luciferase were determined using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) 48 h after miR-274 expression.

    Sequencing:

    Article Title: Unexpected Molecular Mechanism of Orc6-Based Meier-Gorlin Syndrome: Insights from a Humanized Drosophila Model
    Article Snippet: 1Kb DNA ladder (#N3232, New England BioLab) was used in . .. FLAG-tagged human- Drosophila hybrid orc6 transgenes carrying 9 upstream nucleotides with Kozak sequences, G CC G GC G CCACG G , or Kozak sequence with mutated purines in positions -3, -6, -9, C CC C GC C CCACG G , were cloned into PMT/V5 vector and transfected into S2 cells using Trans IT-insect transfection reagent (#MIR 6100, Mirus Bio) following manufacturer’s recommendations. .. S2 cells were cultured at 27°C in Shields and Sang M3 medium (#S8398, Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum.

    Clone Assay:

    Article Title: Unexpected Molecular Mechanism of Orc6-Based Meier-Gorlin Syndrome: Insights from a Humanized Drosophila Model
    Article Snippet: 1Kb DNA ladder (#N3232, New England BioLab) was used in . .. FLAG-tagged human- Drosophila hybrid orc6 transgenes carrying 9 upstream nucleotides with Kozak sequences, G CC G GC G CCACG G , or Kozak sequence with mutated purines in positions -3, -6, -9, C CC C GC C CCACG G , were cloned into PMT/V5 vector and transfected into S2 cells using Trans IT-insect transfection reagent (#MIR 6100, Mirus Bio) following manufacturer’s recommendations. .. S2 cells were cultured at 27°C in Shields and Sang M3 medium (#S8398, Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum.



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    Mirus Bio trans it insect transfection reagent
    Global alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the protein A elbow identifies amino acid contributions to RNA replication. ( A–C ) Alanine substitutions were introduced across the 17-amino acid elbow (aa 379–395) as blocks (5 alanines, A), pairs (2 alanines, B), or single residues (1 alanine, C). Top panels: western blot detecting protein A, with tubulin as a loading control. Middle panels: northern blot analysis of RNA1 and RNA3 replication following <t>co-transfection</t> of mutant protein A plasmids with the RNA1 fs template. Bottom panels: bar graphs summarizing RNA3 replication relative to wt control across three or more experimental replicates. ( D ) Summary diagram mapping replication values from block, pair, and single alanine substitutions onto the elbow sequence. Color-coded gradients indicate functional impact: white represents mutations that abolish RNA3 replication (0%), and blue represents full replication comparable to wt (100%), allowing visualization of residues and segments critical for RNA replication. ( E ) Structure mapping of elbow (aa 379–395) characteristics. The surface diagrams use the indicated color gradients to show RNA3 replication levels (% of wt) induced by single alanine substitutions [gradient as in panel (D)], electrostatic potential (negative: red, positive: blue), and hydrophobicity (hydrophilic: blue, hydrophobic: yellow) to highlight functional features. Gray shading of the arrows indicates amino acids facing the back, while white shading indicates amino acids facing the front.
    Trans It Insect Transfection Reagent, supplied by Mirus Bio, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Mirus Bio transit -insect
    Global alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the protein A elbow identifies amino acid contributions to RNA replication. ( A–C ) Alanine substitutions were introduced across the 17-amino acid elbow (aa 379–395) as blocks (5 alanines, A), pairs (2 alanines, B), or single residues (1 alanine, C). Top panels: western blot detecting protein A, with tubulin as a loading control. Middle panels: northern blot analysis of RNA1 and RNA3 replication following <t>co-transfection</t> of mutant protein A plasmids with the RNA1 fs template. Bottom panels: bar graphs summarizing RNA3 replication relative to wt control across three or more experimental replicates. ( D ) Summary diagram mapping replication values from block, pair, and single alanine substitutions onto the elbow sequence. Color-coded gradients indicate functional impact: white represents mutations that abolish RNA3 replication (0%), and blue represents full replication comparable to wt (100%), allowing visualization of residues and segments critical for RNA replication. ( E ) Structure mapping of elbow (aa 379–395) characteristics. The surface diagrams use the indicated color gradients to show RNA3 replication levels (% of wt) induced by single alanine substitutions [gradient as in panel (D)], electrostatic potential (negative: red, positive: blue), and hydrophobicity (hydrophilic: blue, hydrophobic: yellow) to highlight functional features. Gray shading of the arrows indicates amino acids facing the back, while white shading indicates amino acids facing the front.
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    Image Search Results


    Global alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the protein A elbow identifies amino acid contributions to RNA replication. ( A–C ) Alanine substitutions were introduced across the 17-amino acid elbow (aa 379–395) as blocks (5 alanines, A), pairs (2 alanines, B), or single residues (1 alanine, C). Top panels: western blot detecting protein A, with tubulin as a loading control. Middle panels: northern blot analysis of RNA1 and RNA3 replication following co-transfection of mutant protein A plasmids with the RNA1 fs template. Bottom panels: bar graphs summarizing RNA3 replication relative to wt control across three or more experimental replicates. ( D ) Summary diagram mapping replication values from block, pair, and single alanine substitutions onto the elbow sequence. Color-coded gradients indicate functional impact: white represents mutations that abolish RNA3 replication (0%), and blue represents full replication comparable to wt (100%), allowing visualization of residues and segments critical for RNA replication. ( E ) Structure mapping of elbow (aa 379–395) characteristics. The surface diagrams use the indicated color gradients to show RNA3 replication levels (% of wt) induced by single alanine substitutions [gradient as in panel (D)], electrostatic potential (negative: red, positive: blue), and hydrophobicity (hydrophilic: blue, hydrophobic: yellow) to highlight functional features. Gray shading of the arrows indicates amino acids facing the back, while white shading indicates amino acids facing the front.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Nodavirus protein A’s interdomain elbow controls RNA replication organelle formation and function

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag151

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Global alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the protein A elbow identifies amino acid contributions to RNA replication. ( A–C ) Alanine substitutions were introduced across the 17-amino acid elbow (aa 379–395) as blocks (5 alanines, A), pairs (2 alanines, B), or single residues (1 alanine, C). Top panels: western blot detecting protein A, with tubulin as a loading control. Middle panels: northern blot analysis of RNA1 and RNA3 replication following co-transfection of mutant protein A plasmids with the RNA1 fs template. Bottom panels: bar graphs summarizing RNA3 replication relative to wt control across three or more experimental replicates. ( D ) Summary diagram mapping replication values from block, pair, and single alanine substitutions onto the elbow sequence. Color-coded gradients indicate functional impact: white represents mutations that abolish RNA3 replication (0%), and blue represents full replication comparable to wt (100%), allowing visualization of residues and segments critical for RNA replication. ( E ) Structure mapping of elbow (aa 379–395) characteristics. The surface diagrams use the indicated color gradients to show RNA3 replication levels (% of wt) induced by single alanine substitutions [gradient as in panel (D)], electrostatic potential (negative: red, positive: blue), and hydrophobicity (hydrophilic: blue, hydrophobic: yellow) to highlight functional features. Gray shading of the arrows indicates amino acids facing the back, while white shading indicates amino acids facing the front.

    Article Snippet: Transfection mixtures were prepared by complexing 1.5 μg of total plasmid DNA (1 μg of RNA1 template plasmid and 0.5 μg of protein A expression plasmid[s]), 6 μl of Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio), and 100 μl of Opti-MEM (Gibco/ThermoFisher).

    Techniques: Mutagenesis, Western Blot, Control, Northern Blot, Cotransfection, Blocking Assay, Sequencing, Functional Assay

    Plasmid-based trans -RNA replication assay. ( A ) Schematic of the trans -RNA replication assay in Drosophila S2 cells. Co-transfection of two plasmids separates protein A expression from RNA replication template functions: the left protein A plasmid expresses functional protein A from a nonreplicable mRNA lacking viral 5′ and 3′ replication signals, and the right RNA1 fs plasmid expresses a full-length RNA1 template containing an early frameshift (fs) to prevent translation of protein A. This approach largely stabilizes expression levels of different protein A mutants and allows more direct assessment of their effects on RNA replication, measured by genomic RNA1 and subgenomic RNA3 accumulation. Color coding follows Fig. . ( B ) Northern blot analysis validating the trans -RNA replication assay, with RNA and protein collected ∼65 h post-transfection. The top panel shows a western blot detecting protein A, with tubulin as a loading control. The bottom panel shows the northern blot: Lanes 1 and 2 show no RNA1 or RNA3 signals when either the protein A plasmid or RNA1 fs plasmid is transfected alone. Lane 3 shows strong replication of both genomic RNA1 and RNA3 when wtwt protein A is co-expressed with the RNA1 fs template, confirming robust replication in trans . Lane 4 shows that co-expression of the RNA1 fs template with a protein A deletion mutant lacking the 17–amino acid elbow (Δ379–395) completely abolishes RNA replication, confirming that the elbow region is essential for FHV RNA replication.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Nodavirus protein A’s interdomain elbow controls RNA replication organelle formation and function

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag151

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Plasmid-based trans -RNA replication assay. ( A ) Schematic of the trans -RNA replication assay in Drosophila S2 cells. Co-transfection of two plasmids separates protein A expression from RNA replication template functions: the left protein A plasmid expresses functional protein A from a nonreplicable mRNA lacking viral 5′ and 3′ replication signals, and the right RNA1 fs plasmid expresses a full-length RNA1 template containing an early frameshift (fs) to prevent translation of protein A. This approach largely stabilizes expression levels of different protein A mutants and allows more direct assessment of their effects on RNA replication, measured by genomic RNA1 and subgenomic RNA3 accumulation. Color coding follows Fig. . ( B ) Northern blot analysis validating the trans -RNA replication assay, with RNA and protein collected ∼65 h post-transfection. The top panel shows a western blot detecting protein A, with tubulin as a loading control. The bottom panel shows the northern blot: Lanes 1 and 2 show no RNA1 or RNA3 signals when either the protein A plasmid or RNA1 fs plasmid is transfected alone. Lane 3 shows strong replication of both genomic RNA1 and RNA3 when wtwt protein A is co-expressed with the RNA1 fs template, confirming robust replication in trans . Lane 4 shows that co-expression of the RNA1 fs template with a protein A deletion mutant lacking the 17–amino acid elbow (Δ379–395) completely abolishes RNA replication, confirming that the elbow region is essential for FHV RNA replication.

    Article Snippet: Transfection mixtures were prepared by complexing 1.5 μg of total plasmid DNA (1 μg of RNA1 template plasmid and 0.5 μg of protein A expression plasmid[s]), 6 μl of Trans IT-Insect Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio), and 100 μl of Opti-MEM (Gibco/ThermoFisher).

    Techniques: Plasmid Preparation, Cotransfection, Expressing, Functional Assay, Northern Blot, Transfection, Western Blot, Control, Mutagenesis